(1. 昆明理工大学 真空冶金国家工程实验室，昆明 650093；
2. 复杂有色金属资源清洁利用国家重点实验室，昆明 650093)
摘 要: 金银由于优异的耐蚀性、良好的导电性而应用于许多高新技术产业领域，然而其储量有限，其原生矿资源已难以满足日趋增长的需求；铅铜冶炼过程产出的贵铅、贵铋、银锌壳、铜浮渣和硒渣等副产物中金银含量可观，已成为其主要来源之一。本文综述了从这些副产物中提取和回收贵金属的各种技术，依据副产品物料中各组元的熔沸点、蒸气压、氧化还原性等性质的差异，回收技术由传统的熔炼法、氧化精炼法、电解法等火、湿法工艺发展到高回收率、清洁高效的真空气化分离技术；本文详细地讨论了这些工艺的技术优势和对环境的影响，以及未来可能面临的挑战；最后为了实现金银高效回收、满足清洁生产的冶金要求，提出了几点考虑。
关键字: 铅铜冶炼；副产物；贵金属；回收；真空气化分离工艺；环境影响
（1. National Engineering Laboratory of Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China;
2. The State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093, China）
Abstract:Gold and silver have been extended to many high-tech industries due to their excellent corrosion resistance and good electrical conductivity. However, their primary mineral resources have been unable to meet the increasing demand. The noble lead, precious bismuth, silver-zinc shell, copper scum and selenium slag produced in the lead-copper smelting process contain considerable gold and silver contents, which have become one of their main sources. This article outlined various technologies for extracting and recovering precious metals from these by-products. According to the properties of components, such as melting point, vapor pressure, redox and volatilization characteristics, the recovery technologies were developed from traditional smelting, oxidation refining, electrolysis and other pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes to high recovery, clean and efficient vacuum separation technologies. This article discussed the technical advantages and environmental impact of these processes in detail, as well as the challenges that they would face in the future. In order to realize the efficient recovery of precious metals and meet the metallurgical requirements of clean production, several considerations were put forward.
Key words: by-products of lead-copper smelting; traditional techniques; vacuum gasification separation process; technical superiority; environment influence
