(1. 自然资源部第二海洋研究所 海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室，杭州 310012；
2. 中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会，北京 100860；
3. 自然资源部第三海洋研究所，厦门 361005；
4. 香港科技大学，香港 999077；
5. 自然资源部第一海洋研究所，青岛 266061；
6. 国家深海基地管理中心，青岛 266237)
摘 要: 随着人类社会对矿产资源需求的日益增加和相关技术与装备的逐渐成熟，深海采矿成为全球产业界和科研界共同关注的热点。普遍观点认为深海采矿不可避免地会对深海环境和生物群落造成不同程度的扰动甚至破坏，这也极大影响了国际海底管理局“区域环境管理计划”和《开发规章》的制定进程。本文基于生态系统的视角与方法，总结了三类深海矿产资源分布区的典型生态系统与环境特征，回顾了国内外伴随着深海采矿系统综合试验开展的一系列环境基线和环境影响评价研究及取得的重要认识，在此基础上归纳了深海采矿活动对深海平原、海山和大洋中脊热液区这三类生态系统的潜在影响。同时，本文简要回顾了过去三十年来中国大洋协会在这三类区域部署开展的主要环境任务与进展，以及我国在国际海底区域环境管理方面所做出的积极努力。最后，在分析当前国际海底管理局关于平衡资源开发和环境保护主要举措的基础上，本文对我国进一步积极参与国际海底区域环境管理和全球海洋治理领域工作提出了相关建议。
关键字: 深海采矿；环境影响；区域环境管理计划；生物多样性
（1. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, The Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China;
2. China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association, Beijing 100860, China;
3. The Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China;
4. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China;
5. The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China;
6. National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao 266237, China）
Abstract:With the increasing need for mineral resources and the development of technology and equipment, deep-sea mining has become the common concern of the global industry and scientific research community. It is generally believed that deep-sea mining will inevitably lead to disturbance or even damage to the environment and biological communities of the deep sea. This view has accelerated the development of the “Regional Environmental Management Plan” and “Mining Code” by International Seabed Authority. Based on the ecosystem perspective and methodology, this paper summarized the characteristics of deep-sea ecosystems and environment of the three types of deep-sea mineral resources, reviewed a series of studies on environmental baseline and environmental impact assessment carried out with the comprehensive test of deep-sea mining system at home and abroad, and concluded the potential impacts of deep-sea mining activities on three types of ecosystems including deep-sea plain, seamount and mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal area. Meanwhile, this paper also briefly reviewed the major environmental research progress promoted by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association in the past three decades, and the efforts made by China for the environmental management of international seabed. Based on the analysis on the progress of the balance between development and environmental protection made by International Seabed Authority, this paper put forward suggestions on China’s participation in regional environmental management.
Key words: deep-sea mining; environmental impacts; Regional Environmental Management Plan; biodiversity
