(1. 上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院，上海 200240；
2. 上海交通大学 平野材料创新研究所，上海 200240)
摘 要: 基于新能源汽车/风力发电对高性能动力电机的需求与稀土资源危机的考虑，迫使人们重新审视烧结NdFeB永磁体发展的新趋势。烧结NdFeB永磁体具有的优异性能与其晶界微观结构、化学结构/组分特征以及基体相的内禀性能密切相关。近期利用3DAP、NBED、EELS和STEM等纳米级尺度的解析手段，揭示了界面微区的微观结构与化学结构/组分特征，对深入理解微磁学理论起到了推动作用，并衍生了许多改善磁体性能的新技术。本文作者综述磁体晶界微观结构的最新进展、磁体制备的新技术与其微观机制，并总结分析了近期在第一性原理计算研究和Nd2Fe14B单晶实验研究方面的一些新动态。
关键字: NdFeB永磁体；稀土；晶界；单晶体；新能源；第一性原理计算
（1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
2. Hirano Institute for Materials Innovation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China）
Abstract:Due to a recent demand on new energy systems, such as hybrid/electrical vehicles and wind turbines for electricity generation etc., and considering the “rare earth crisis”, there has been a revived interest in sintered NdFeB permanent magnets because of their outstanding comprehensive properties. The microstructure and chemical structure/ composition characteristic of the grain boundary, as well as the intrinsic properties of Nd2Fe14B matrix phase, are closely related to the magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnets. Recent nanoscale characterization studies using 3DAP, NBED, EELS and STEM have revealed the microstructure and chemical characteristics of the interface between grain boundary phase and matrix phase, which have made a substantial contribution towards understanding the micromagnetism and induced new technologies for improving the properties of the magnets. In this work, new developments and understandings on the microstructure evolution of the grain boundary were reviewed, as well as the new technologies for magnet processing and their corresponding micromechanism. First-principles calculations and the experimental investigation of Nd2Fe14B single crystals were also discussed.
Key words: NdFeB permanent magnet; rare earth; grain boundary; single crystal; new energy; first-principles calculations
